From Spores to Sales: Starting a Mushroom Farm

Consider these crucial factors when launching your mushroom farm:

1. Location — Choose a suitable location for your mushroom farm. Consider factors such as proximity to markets, availability of water, and ease of access.
2. Facilities — Set up a growing facility with dedicated spaces for substrate preparation, incubation, fruiting, and harvesting. Ensure proper sanitation and hygiene to prevent contamination.
3. Type of mushroom — Decide on the types of mushrooms you will grow. Common choices include button mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, and portobello mushrooms.
4. Register your business — A limited liability company (LLC) is the best legal structure for new businesses because it is fast and simple. Form your business immediately using ZenBusiness LLC formation service or hire one of the best LLC services on the market.
5. Legal business aspects — Register for taxes, open a business bank account, and get an EIN.
6. Growing methods — Choose a growing method that suits your resources and goals. Options include indoor growing, outdoor growing, and greenhouse cultivation.
7. Choose a substrate — Select and prepare the substrate (growing medium) appropriate for the type of mushrooms you are cultivating. Common substrates include straw, sawdust, coffee grounds, and compost.
8. Environmental control — Maintain optimal growing conditions, including temperature, humidity, light, and ventilation. Invest in equipment like humidifiers, fans, and heaters to create a controlled environment.
9. Packaging — Acquire packaging materials suitable for mushrooms, such as breathable bags or boxes, to maintain freshness during storage and transport.
10. Learn from real entrepreneurs who run a mushroom farm:

Dive into the world of gourmet mushroom farming in our interview with Keri Hissim and discover key insights for budding entrepreneurs in the specialty food industry!

Discover the secrets of thriving in the gourmet mushroom industry by reading our interview with MyCo Planet’s Robin Moore.

Read our interview with the founders of Arizona Mushroom Co. to learn how they leveraged traditional farming methods and e-commerce to thrive in the health food industry.

You May Also Wonder:

Can a mushroom farm be profitable?

Mushrooms can be grown very inexpensively and sold for $7 to $16 per pound, so yes, mushroom farms can be very profitable. Even in a 500-sq-ft space in your home you can grow up to 12,000 pounds of mushrooms a year and have a nice payday.

What are the easiest mushrooms to grow?

Oyster mushrooms are the easiest and fastest mushrooms to grow and can be ready for harvest within 3-to-5 weeks. Other mushrooms that are easy to grow include Shitake, wine cap, and Pioppino mushrooms.

What is the most sold mushroom?

The most sold mushroom worldwide is the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), which includes both white and cremini/baby bella varieties. They are widely available and commonly used in various culinary dishes.

What is the best mushroom climate?

The best climate for mushroom cultivation depends on the specific mushroom species. Generally, mushrooms thrive in a temperature-controlled environment with high humidity and good air circulation. For example, button mushrooms prefer temperatures between 55-65°F (12-18°C) with high humidity.

Where is the largest mushroom farm?

The largest mushroom farm in the world is reportedly the Phillips Mushroom Farms in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA. They have a vast production capacity and supply a significant portion of the mushroom market in the United States.

What is most expensive mushroom?

The most expensive mushroom is the Matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake), also known as the “pine mushroom.” It is highly valued in Japanese cuisine and can be quite rare and challenging to find, contributing to its high price in the market.

How can I differentiate my mushroom farm from competitors in the market?

Differentiate your mushroom farm by focusing on unique mushroom varieties or specialized cultivation techniques, offering organic or sustainably grown mushrooms, ensuring consistent quality and freshness, providing excellent customer service, establishing direct relationships with local restaurants and retailers, emphasizing your farm’s commitment to sustainability and eco-friendly practices, and implementing innovative packaging or distribution methods to stand out in the market.

Step 1: Decide if the Business Is Right for You

Pros and cons

Being a mushroom farmer and starting a mushroom business has pros and cons to consider before deciding if it’s right for you.

Mushroom farm industry trends

Globally, mushrooms are booming. The world mushroom market is worth more than $50 billion and expected to grow at a stunning 10% annual rate through 2030.((https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/mushroom-market)) Keep in mind that the US is the world’s second-leading mushroom producer. 

Industry size and growth

• Industry size and past growth – The US mushroom market was valued at $1.15 billion in 2020, a 3% increase from the previous year((https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Wisconsin/Publications/Crops/2020/US-Mushrooms-08-20.pdf)), and $2.5 billion in 2021.
• Growth forecast – The US mushroom industry is projected to grow at least 9% annually through 2030.
• Number of businesses – There were more than 300 commercial mushroom growers  in the US in 2019.((https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/specialty-crops/mushrooms-profile))

Trends and challenges

Trends in the mushroom farm industry include:

• Mushrooms are currently one of the top trending foods, growing in popularity in restaurants, in home cooking, and beyond. There is also a preference for small farm, organic, and locally produced mushrooms. This means more opportunity for new market entrants. 
• New products made with mushrooms are popping up, including mushroom jerky and mushroom chips, presenting mushroom entrepreneurs with an opportunity to be creative with their products.

Challenges also exist in the mushroom farm industry, including:

• Mushroom farming has become very popular among entrepreneurs, creating more competition.
• It can be difficult to find quality mushroom spores to begin to grow mushrooms.

Popular products

How much does it cost to start a mushroom farm business?

Startup costs for a mushroom farm range from around $3,000 to $7,000. The main costs are for equipment for temperature and humidity control. You might also want to get a grow kit, and mushroom spawn, or start with a particularly gourmet mushroom like the button mushroom. 

These numbers also assume that you have adequate space to grow mushrooms. If you have a large basement or open room, you might start growing mushrooms there. If you have a backyard, you could build a greenhouse, which would run you about $10,000. If you don’t have either of these things, you’ll need to rent a space to grow your mushrooms. 

You can take an online mushroom growing class through a site like Udemy. It costs less than $20 and takes less than 4 hours. 

You’ll need a handful of items to successfully launch your business, including: 

• Space heaters
• Humidifiers
• De-humidifiers
• Straw of other cultivation materials

Start-up Costs	Ballpark Range	Average
Setting up a business name and corporation	$150 - $200	$175
Business licenses and permits	$100 - $300	$200
Insurance	$100-$300	$200
Business cards and brochures	$200 - $300	$250
Website setup	$1,000 - $3,000	$2,000
Temperature control and humidifying equipment	$1,000 - $2,000	$1,500
Straw or other cultivation materials	$200 - $300	$250
Mushroom spores	$300 - $500	$400
Total	$3,050 - $6,900	$4,975

How much can you earn from a mushroom farm business?

Oyster mushrooms are the easiest and fastest to grow and sell for an average of $7 per pound. As a solopreneur, your profit margin should be about 80%.

With 500 square feet you can produce 12,000 pounds a year, bringing in $84,000 in annual revenue. This would mean nearly $70,000 in profit, assuming that 80% margin. As your brand gains recognition you could expand to 1,000 square feet and double production. With annual revenue of almost $170,000, you would make about $135,000 in profit. 

What barriers to entry are there?

There are a few barriers to entry for a mushroom farm business. Your biggest challenges will be:

• Finding the space to build your grow room
• Learning to properly cultivate mushrooms

Step 2: Hone Your Idea

Now that you know what’s involved in starting a mushroom farm, it’s a good idea to hone your concept in preparation to enter a competitive market. 

Market research will give you the upper hand, even if you’re already positive that you have a perfect product or service. Conducting market research is important, because it can help you understand your customers better, who your competitors are, and your business landscape.

Why? Identify an opportunity

Research mushroom farms in your area to examine their products, price points, and what sells best. You’re looking for a market gap to fill. For instance, maybe the local market is missing a Shitake mushroom farm.

Read our interview with Solomon Ibragimovto to uncover how an urban mushroom farm stands out in the business world with innovative and sustainable strategies.

What? Determine what mushrooms you will grow

You’ll need to determine first what types of mushrooms you want to grow. Oyster mushrooms are the easiest and fastest to grow, so you might want to start with those. Then you should decide if you want to learn to make products with your mushrooms such as jerky to earn additional revenue. That would add to your expenses, including packaging costs.

How much should you charge for mushrooms?

If you sell to consumers, you can charge about $7 per pound for oyster mushrooms. Specialty mushrooms can sell for much more – up to $16 per pound, but they are harder to grow. If you sell oyster mushrooms to retailers at wholesale prices, you can probably charge about $5 per pound. Your ongoing costs will be low if you work alone, so you should aim for a profit margin of 80%.

Once you know your costs, you can use our profit margin calculator to determine your mark-up and final price point. Remember, the price you use at launch should be subject to change if warranted by the market.

Who? Identify your target market

Your target market will be mushroom lovers, which is a broad category, so you should spread out your marketing efforts to reach different age groups. You can reach people on sites like Instagram, Facebook and FoodNetwork. However, you can probably sell more by going to grocery stores and supermarkets. You can target store owners on sites like LinkedIn or you can call or visit them directly.

Where? Set up a mushroom farm

Here’s what to consider when setting up a mushroom farm:

1. Choosing a Location:
   • Climate Control: Opt for a location where you can control temperature, humidity, and light, as mushrooms require specific conditions.
   • Clean Environment: Ensure the area is free from contaminants and pests.
   • Accessibility: Select a site easily accessible for monitoring, maintenance, and harvesting.
2. Setting Up the Farm:
   • Space Preparation: Clean and sterilize the space to prevent contamination.
   • Growth Medium: Choose an appropriate substrate (like straw or sawdust) based on the mushroom type.
   • Spore or Spawn: Purchase high-quality mushroom spores or spawn from a reputable supplier.
   • Temperature and Humidity Control: Install systems to maintain the required temperature and humidity levels.
   • Lighting: Although mushrooms don’t require much light, a small amount of indirect light is beneficial.
   • Ventilation: Ensure proper airflow to keep CO2 levels low and oxygen levels high.
   • Shelving or Racks: Maximize space and organize the growing area with shelves or racks.
3. Maintenance:
   • Regular Monitoring: Check temperature, humidity, and growth regularly.
   • Hygiene Practices: Maintain cleanliness to prevent contamination.
   • Watering: Keep the substrate moist but not waterlogged.
4. Harvesting:
   • Timely Harvest: Harvest mushrooms at the right stage of growth for the best quality.
5. Marketing and Sales:
   • Local Markets: Consider selling to local markets, restaurants, or directly to consumers.
   • Packaging and Transport: Plan for proper packaging and transportation to maintain freshness.

Step 3: Brainstorm a Mushroom Farm Business Name

Here are some ideas for brainstorming your business name:

• Short, unique, and catchy names tend to stand out
• Names that are easy to say and spell tend to do better 
• Name should be relevant to your product or service offerings
• Ask around — family, friends, colleagues, social media — for suggestions
• Including keywords, such as “mushrooms” or “mushroom farm”, boosts SEO
• Name should allow for expansion, for ex: “Fungiculture Co.” over “Shiitake Kingdom”
• A location-based name can help establish a strong connection with your local community and help with the SEO but might hinder future expansion

Once you’ve got a list of potential names, visit the website of the US Patent and Trademark Office to make sure they are available for registration and check the availability of related domain names using our Domain Name Search tool. Using “.com” or “.org” sharply increases credibility, so it’s best to focus on these. 

Finally, make your choice among the names that pass this screening and go ahead with domain registration and social media account creation. Your business name is one of the key differentiators that sets your business apart. Once you pick your company name, and start with the branding, it is hard to change the business name. Therefore, it’s important to carefully consider your choice before you start a business entity.

Step 4: Create a Mushroom Farm Business Plan

Here are the key components of a business plan:

• Executive Summary: A brief summary of the mushroom farm business plan, highlighting its key points and objectives.
• Business Overview: An overview of the mushroom farming business, including its mission, vision, and key operations.
• Product and Services: Details about the specific types of mushrooms grown and any additional products or services offered.
• Market Analysis: Information about the mushroom market, including trends, potential customers, and market size.
• Competitive Analysis: An assessment of the competitors in the mushroom farming industry and their strengths and weaknesses.
• Sales and Marketing: Strategies for promoting and selling mushrooms, including marketing channels and target customers.
• Management Team: An introduction to the key individuals involved in running the mushroom farm, highlighting their roles and qualifications.
• Operations Plan: Information about the day-to-day operations of the mushroom farm, including cultivation, harvesting, and distribution.
• Financial Plan: Financial projections, including income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements.
• Appendix: Supporting documents and additional information that may be relevant to the business plan, such as market research data or resumes of team members.

If you’ve never created a business plan, it can be an intimidating task. You might consider hiring a business plan specialist to create a top-notch business plan for you.

Step 5: Register Your Business

Plus, registration is exciting because it makes the entire process official. Once it’s complete, you’ll have your own business! 

Choose where to register your company

Your business location is important because it can affect taxes, legal requirements, and revenue. Most people will register their business in the state where they live, but if you’re planning to expand, you might consider looking elsewhere, as some states could offer real advantages when it comes to mushroom farms. 

If you’re willing to move, you could really maximize your business! Keep in mind, it’s relatively easy to transfer your business to another state. 

Choose your business structure

Business entities come in several varieties, each with its pros and cons. The legal structure you choose for your mushroom farm will shape your taxes, personal liability, and business registration requirements, so choose wisely. 

Here are the main options:

• Sole Proprietorship – The most common structure for small businesses makes no legal distinction between company and owner. All income goes to the owner, who’s also liable for any debts, losses, or liabilities incurred by the business. The owner pays taxes on business income on his or her personal tax return.
• General Partnership – Similar to a sole proprietorship, but for two or more people. Again, owners keep the profits and are liable for losses. The partners pay taxes on their share of business income on their personal tax returns.
• Limited Liability Company (LLC) – Combines the characteristics of corporations with those of sole proprietorships or partnerships. Again, the owners are not personally liable for debts.
• C Corp – Under this structure, the business is a distinct legal entity and the owner or owners are not personally liable for its debts. Owners take profits through shareholder dividends, rather than directly. The corporation pays taxes, and owners pay taxes on their dividends, which is sometimes referred to as double taxation.
• S Corp – An S-Corporation refers to the tax classification of the business but is not a business entity. An S-Corp can be either a corporation or an LLC, which just need to elect to be an S-Corp for tax status. In an S-Corp, income is passed through directly to shareholders, who pay taxes on their share of business income on their personal tax returns.

We recommend that new business owners choose LLC as it offers liability protection and pass-through taxation while being simpler to form than a corporation. You can form an LLC in as little as five minutes using an online LLC formation service. They will check that your business name is available before filing, submit your articles of organization, and answer any questions you might have.

Step 6: Register for Taxes

The final step before you’re able to pay taxes is getting an Employer Identification Number, or EIN. You can file for your EIN online or by mail or fax: visit the IRS website to learn more. Keep in mind, if you’ve chosen to be a sole proprietorship you can simply use your social security number as your EIN. 

Once you have your EIN, you’ll need to choose your tax year. Financially speaking, your business will operate in a calendar year (January–December) or a fiscal year, a 12-month period that can start in any month. This will determine your tax cycle, while your business structure will determine which taxes you’ll pay.

It is important to consult an accountant or other professional to help you with your taxes to ensure you’re completing them correctly.

Step 7: Fund your Business

Securing financing is your next step and there are plenty of ways to raise capital:

• Bank loans: This is the most common method but getting approved requires a rock-solid business plan and strong credit history.
• SBA-guaranteed loans: The Small Business Administration can act as guarantor, helping gain that elusive bank approval via an SBA-guaranteed loan.
• Government grants: A handful of financial assistance programs help fund entrepreneurs. Visit Grants.gov to learn which might work for you.
• Friends and Family: Reach out to friends and family to provide a business loan or investment in your concept. It’s a good idea to have legal advice when doing so because SEC regulations apply.
• Crowdfunding: Websites like Kickstarter and Indiegogo offer an increasingly popular low-risk option, in which donors fund your vision. Entrepreneurial crowdfunding sites like Fundable and WeFunder enable multiple investors to fund your business.
• Personal: Self-fund your business via your savings or the sale of property or other assets.

Bank and SBA loans are probably the best option, other than friends and family or personal funds, for funding a mushroom farm.

Step 8: Apply for Mushroom Farm Business Licenses and Permits

Starting a mushroom farm requires obtaining a number of licenses and permits from local, state, and federal governments.

Federal regulations, licenses, and permits associated with starting your business include doing business as, health licenses and permits from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other intellectual properties, as well as industry-specific licenses and permits. 

You may also need state-level and local county or city-based licenses and permits. The license requirements and how to obtain them vary, so check the websites of your state, city, and county governments or contact the appropriate person to learn more. 

You could also check this SBA guide for your state’s requirements, but we recommend using MyCorporation’s Business License Compliance Package. They will research the exact forms you need for your business and state and provide them to ensure you’re fully compliant.

If you feel overwhelmed by this step or don’t know how to begin, it might be a good idea to hire a professional to help you check all the legal boxes.

Step 9: Open a Business Bank Account

Before you start making money, you’ll need a place to keep it, and that requires opening a bank account.

Keeping your business finances separate from your personal account makes it easy to file taxes and track your company’s income, so it’s worth doing even if you’re running your mushroom farm business as a sole proprietorship. Opening a business bank account is quite simple, and similar to opening a personal one. Most major banks offer accounts tailored for businesses — just inquire at your preferred bank to learn about their rates and features.

Banks vary in terms of offerings, so it’s a good idea to examine your options and select the best plan for you. Once you choose your bank, bring in your EIN (or Social Security Number if you decide on a sole proprietorship), articles of incorporation, and other legal documents and open your new account. 

Step 10: Get Business Insurance

Business insurance is an area that often gets overlooked yet it can be vital to your success as an entrepreneur. Insurance protects you from unexpected events that can have a devastating impact on your business.

Here are some types of insurance to consider:

• General liability: The most comprehensive type of insurance, acting as a catch-all for many business elements that require coverage. If you get just one kind of insurance, this is it. It even protects against bodily injury and property damage.
• Business Property: Provides coverage for your equipment and supplies.
• Equipment Breakdown Insurance: Covers the cost of replacing or repairing equipment that has broken due to mechanical issues.
• Worker’s compensation: Provides compensation to employees injured on the job.
• Property: Covers your physical space, whether it is a cart, storefront, or office.
• Commercial auto: Protection for your company-owned vehicle.
• Professional liability: Protects against claims from a client who says they suffered a loss due to an error or omission in your work.
• Business owner’s policy (BOP): This is an insurance plan that acts as an all-in-one insurance policy, a combination of the above insurance types.

Step 11: Prepare to Launch

As opening day nears, prepare for launch by reviewing and improving some key elements of your business. 

Essential software and tools

Being an entrepreneur often means wearing many hats, from marketing to sales to accounting, which can be overwhelming. Fortunately, many websites and digital tools are available to help simplify many business tasks. 

You can use industry-specific software, such as Fancom, Hectre, or Si, to manage your growing, harvesting, billing, and costs.

Accounting

• Popular web-based accounting programs for smaller businesses include Quickbooks, Freshbooks, and Xero. 
• If you’re unfamiliar with basic accounting, you may want to hire a professional, especially as you begin. The consequences for filing incorrect tax documents can be harsh, so accuracy is crucial. 

Develop your website

Website development is crucial because your site is your online presence and needs to convince prospective clients of your expertise and professionalism.

You can create your own website using services like WordPress, Wix, or Squarespace. This route is very affordable, but figuring out how to build a website can be time-consuming. If you lack tech-savvy, you can hire a web designer or developer to create a custom website for your business.

They are unlikely to find your website, however, unless you follow Search Engine Optimization (SEO) practices. These are steps that help pages rank higher in the results of top search engines like Google. 

Marketing

Here are some powerful marketing strategies for your future business:

• Social Media Presence: Leverage platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Pinterest to showcase visually appealing images of your mushrooms, share cultivation tips, and engage with the online community.
• Local SEO — Regularly update your Google My Business and Yelp profiles to strengthen your local search presence.
• Farmers’ Markets and Local Events: Set up stalls at farmers’ markets and participate in local events to directly connect with potential customers, offer samples, and educate them about the unique qualities of your mushrooms.
• Collaborate with Restaurants and Chefs: Forge partnerships with local restaurants and chefs to feature your mushrooms on their menus, highlighting the quality and freshness of your produce.
• Community Workshops and Classes: Host workshops or classes on mushroom cultivation, cooking, and the nutritional benefits of different mushroom varieties. This positions your farm as an authority in the field.
• Subscription Boxes or CSA Programs: Launch subscription boxes or Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) programs to create a steady customer base, providing them with a variety of fresh mushrooms on a regular basis.
• Educational Content: Create blog posts, videos, or infographics on your website or social media channels to educate your audience about the health benefits, cooking techniques, and versatility of mushrooms.
• Local Partnerships: Partner with local grocery stores, health food stores, or specialty food shops to stock your mushrooms, making them easily accessible to a broader audience.
• Loyalty Programs: Implement a loyalty program to reward repeat customers with discounts, freebies, or exclusive access to new mushroom varieties, fostering customer loyalty.
• Holiday and Seasonal Promotions: Develop special promotions or themed packages during holidays or specific seasons to capitalize on increased demand and attract attention.
• Customer Testimonials and Reviews: Encourage satisfied customers to leave positive reviews and testimonials on platforms like Google My Business, Yelp, or your website to build trust and credibility.

Focus on USPs

Unique selling propositions, or USPs, are the characteristics of a product or service that sets it apart from the competition. Customers today are inundated with buying options, so you’ll have a real advantage if they are able to quickly grasp how your mushroom farm meets their needs or wishes. It’s wise to do all you can to ensure your USPs stand out on your website and in your marketing and promotional materials, stimulating buyer desire. 

Global pizza chain Domino’s is renowned for its USP: “Hot pizza in 30 minutes or less, guaranteed.” Signature USPs for your mushroom farm business could be:

• Homegrown mushrooms for healthy eating
• Organic mushrooms at your door in 24 hours or less! 
• Specialty mushrooms for your gourmet recipes

Networking

You may not like to network or use personal connections for business gain. But your personal and professional networks likely offer considerable untapped business potential. Maybe that Facebook friend you met in college is now running a mushroom farm, or a LinkedIn contact of yours is connected to dozens of potential clients. Maybe your cousin or neighbor has been working in mushrooms for years and can offer invaluable insight and industry connections. 

The possibilities are endless, so it’s a good idea to review your personal and professional networks and reach out to those with possible links to or interest in mushroom farms. You’ll probably generate new customers or find companies with which you could establish a partnership. 

Step 12: Build Your Team

If you’re starting out small from home you may not need any employees. But as your business grows, you may expand to a larger growing space and need workers to fill various roles. Potential positions for a mushroom farm business would include:

• Laborers – harvest mushrooms
• General Manager – scheduling, staff management, accounting
• Marketing Lead – SEO strategies, social media, call on retailers

At some point, you may need to hire all of these positions or simply a few, depending on the size and needs of your business. You might also hire multiple workers for a single role or a single worker for multiple roles, again depending on need. 

Free-of-charge methods to recruit employees include posting ads on popular platforms such as LinkedIn, Facebook, or Jobs.com. You might also consider a premium recruitment option, such as advertising on Indeed, Glassdoor, or ZipRecruiter. Further, if you have the resources, you could consider hiring a recruitment agency to help you find talent. 

Step 13: Run a Mushroom Farm – Start Making Money!

Growing mushrooms on your own farm, whether in your basement or a rented space, can be a lucrative venture. Mushrooms have many benefits that go beyond their delicious taste, which is why they are a multi-billion-dollar industry in the US. 

Once you’ve developed a green thumb for mushrooms, you’ll start bringing in a nice chunk of change. You’ve done your business homework, so now it’s time to start growing mushrooms and a profitable business!